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"However, physics would be fundamentally different. "It would be great if we could better coordinate our actions over long distances, as it would enable us to solve many information processing tasks very efficiently," Wehner says. Two parties can only coordinate their actions better if they break the uncertainty principle, which imposes a strict bound on how strong non-locality can be. The surprising result by Wehner and Oppenheim is that the uncertainty principle provides an answer. We really have to ask ourselves, why is quantum mechanics this limited? Why doesn't nature allow even stronger non-locality?" Oppenheim says. "Quantum theory is pretty weird, but it isn't as weird as it could be. Nature could be weirder, and yet it isn't quantum theory appears to impose an additional limit on the weirdness. It's possible to have theories which allow distant parties to coordinate their actions much better than nature allows, while still not allowing information to travel faster than light. However, quantum non-locality could be even spookier than it actually is. Einstein famously referred to this phenomenon as "spooky action at a distance". In fact, their actions can be coordinated in a way that almost seems as if they had been able to talk. Nevertheless, it turns out that quantum mechanics allows two parties to coordinate much better than would be possible under the laws of classical physics. Physicists believe that even in quantum mechanics, information cannot travel faster than light. Non-locality determines how well two distant parties can coordinate their actions without sending each other information. "Now the uncertainty principle appears to be biting back."
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Einstein and his co-workers discovered non-locality while searching for a way to undermine the uncertainty principle. "It's a surprising and perhaps ironic twist," said Oppenheim, a Royal Society University Research Fellow from the Department of Applied Mathematics & Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge. What's more, they show that this link is quantitative and have found an equation which shows that the "amount" of non-locality is determined by the uncertainty principle. Now Wehner and Oppenheim have shown that they are intricately linked. Previously, researchers have treated non-locality and uncertainty as two separate phenomena. When two quantum particles are entangled, they can perform actions that look as if they are coordinated with each other in ways that defy classical intuition about physically separated particles. This is known as the "Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle".Īnother weird aspect is the quantum phenomenon of non-locality, which arises from the better-known phenomenon of entanglement. Knowledge of one of these properties affects the accuracy with which you can learn the other.
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One of the weird aspects of quantum theory is that it is impossible to know certain things, such as a particle's momentum and position, simultaneously. Albert Einstein was among those who thought the quantum world was so strange that quantum theory must be wrong, but experiments have borne out the theory's predictions. The strange behaviour of quantum particles, such as atoms, electrons and the photons that make up light, has perplexed scientists for nearly a century. The result addresses the question of why quantum behaviour is as weird as it isbut no weirder. The result is being heralded as a dramatic breakthrough in our basic understanding of quantum mechanics and provides new clues to researchers seeking to understand the foundations of quantum theory.